As heir apparent, Alexander participated in meetings of the State Council and collaborated with various committees as well as continuing his military career, rising eventually to the rank of General of Infantry. At the same time, he sought to strengthen and centralize the imperial administration and to bring it more under his personal control. An account from the memoirs of the artist Alexander Benois gives one impression of Alexander III: After a performance of the ballet Tsar Kandavl at the Mariinsky Theatre, I first caught sight of the Emperor. Alexander III of Russia, Tsar of Russia, was born 10 March 1845 in Saint Petersburg, Russia to Alexander II of Russia (1818-1881) and Maria von Hessen und bei Rhein (1824-1880) and died 1 November 1894 Livadia Palace Livadiya, Russia of nephritis. Aleksandr III Aleksandrovich; 10 March 1845 - 1 November 1894) [1] was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Date published: March 11, 2019 Serious illness fell upon the robust Alexander entirely unexpectedly. When he became tsar, he reflected that no one had such an impact on my life as my dear brother and friend Nixa [Nicholas]"[9] and lamented that "a terrible responsibility fell on my shoulders" when Nicholas died. [57][self-published source]. Alexander II was mortally wounded and died shortly thereafter. Alexander and his father became estranged due to their different political views. He immediately left the carriage and no amount of pleading from his wife could convince him to get back in.[7]. Copyright 2023 Bob Atchison. )[citation needed] Other conservative advisors included Count D. A. Tolstoy (minister of education, and later of internal affairs) and I. N. Durnovo (D. A. Tolstoy's successor in the latter post). Historians still debate Alexander's role in his father's murder. His older brother, Nicholas, was the heir apparent, and Alexander, in the family tradition, was groomed for a military career. How could he preside over such a committee?[47] He was worried that Nicholas had no experiences with women and arranged for the Polish ballerina Mathilde Kschessinskaya to become his son's mistress. He loved the simplicity of Russian life and had little taste for anything western. Their second child, George, was born in 1871 followed by Xenia (1871), Michael (1878) and Olga (1882). He adopted programs, based on the concepts of Orthodoxy, autocracy, and narodnost (a belief in the Russian people), that included the Russification of national minorities in the Russian Empire as well as persecution of the non-Orthodox religious groups. Alexandra's sister became the wife of Czar Alexander III and their son Nicholas became the last Czar, murdered by the Bolsheviks in 1918. . Commemorative Medal for the Golden Wedding of King Christian IX and Queen Louise. On the very day of his death he signed an ukaz creating a number of consultative commissions that might have been transformed eventually into a representative assembly. He succeeded his father Philip II to the throne in 336 BC at the age of 20, and spent most of his ruling years conducting a lengthy military campaign throughout Western Asia . Copyright 2001-2023 ZAO "SAINT-PETERSBURG.COM". "Alexander III, Tsar of Russia 1881-1889. "[49], Each summer his parents-in-law, King Christian IX and Queen Louise, held family reunions at the Danish royal palaces of Fredensborg and Bernstorff, bringing Alexander, Maria and their children to Denmark. Influenced by his Danish wife Dagmar, Alexander criticized the "shortsighted government" for helping the "Prussian pigs". On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Alexanders father, Emperor Alexander II of Russia, was assassinated on 1 March 1881 and as a result he ascended to the Russian imperial throne as Alexander III of Russia. His Father, Alexander II was within hours of granting the country its first constitution. The oath of allegiance to the throne and to the autocracy was made by his eldest son, the last Russian Emperor, Nicholas II. Biography: Alexander III was Emperor of Russia from 1881 until his death from kidney disease in 1894. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [5] When the Austrian ambassador in St. Petersburg said that Austria would mobilize two or three army corps against Russia, he twisted a silver fork into a knot and threw it onto the plate of the ambassador. But what he lacked in style he more than made up for in his conviction of his position, his love for his country, and an understanding of the importance he could play in shaping his country's future. His first cousin, Queen Olga of Greece, offered him to stay at her villa Mon Repos, on the island of Corfu, in the hope that it might improve the Tsar's condition. We can help. However, his phlegmatic nature restrained him from many exaggerations, and any popular illusions he may have imbibed were dispelled by personal observation in Bulgaria where he commanded the left wing of the invading army. An inscription says "Russia has only two allies: the Army and the Navy", although historians dispute whether the Tsar actually said those words. Alexander III of Russia was the emperor of. Although an enthusiastic amateur musician and patron of the ballet, Alexander was seen as lacking refinement and elegance. 28 October]1866 in the Grand Church of the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, Alexander wed Dagmar, who converted to Orthodox Christianity and took the name Maria Feodorovna. This site is created and maintained by Alpha History. In 1994, it was again put on public display, although in a different place in front of the Marble Palace. While his brother Nicolasthe tsarevich or heir apparentwas groomed to be the future king, Alexander only received the training of an ordinary Grand Duke of that period. [31] Girs was usually successful in restraining the aggressive inclinations of Tsar Alexander convincing him that the very survival of the Tsarist system depended on avoiding major wars. Alexander wrote in his diary "Farewell, dear Dusenka. [23], Alexander weakened the power of the zemstvo (elective local administrative bodies) and placed the administration of peasant communes under the supervision of land-owning proprietors appointed by his government, "land captains" (zemskiye nachalniki). Diplomat Nikolay Girs, scion of a rich and powerful family, served as his Foreign Minister from 1882 to 1895 and established the peaceful policies for which Alexander has been given credit. Though he lived in the large Gachina Palace, he chose to live in the renovated servants area. Forceful, formidable, fiercely patriotic, and at 6' 4" towered over his fellow countrymen. During his years as heir apparentfrom 1865 to 1881Alexander let it be known that certain of his ideas did not coincide with the principles of the existing government. As tsesarevich, Alexander began to study the principles of law and administration under Konstantin Pobedonostsev, then a professor of civil law at Moscow State University and later (from 1880) chief procurator of the Holy Synod of the Orthodox Church in Russia. Alexander III (Russian: III , tr. Tsarist and Communist Russia Alexander III Alexander III Alexander III Birth of the USA American Constitution American Independence War Causes of the American Revolution Democratic Republican Party General Thomas Gage biography Intolerable Acts Loyalists Powers of the President Quebec Act Seven Years' War Stamp Act Tea Party Cold War Alexander III of Russia Biography. Authors: Jennifer Llewellyn, Michael McConnell, Steve Thompson On 19 May 1866, Alexander II informed his son that Russia had come to an agreement with the parents of Princess Dagmar of Denmark, the fiance of his late elder brother Nicholas. Liberals do not By Jer Clifton on March 1, 2023 . In the other provinces he clipped the feeble wings of the zemstvo (an elective local administration resembling the county and parish councils in England) and placed the autonomous administration of the peasant communes under the supervision of landed proprietors appointed by the government. "[6], Unlike his extroverted wife, Alexander disliked social functions and avoided St. Petersburg. Alexander III, Tsar of Russia, reigned from 1881 to 1894. After leaving Livadia on 6 November and traveling to St. Petersburg by way of Moscow, his remains were interred on 18 November at the Peter and Paul Fortress, with his funeral being attended by numerous foreign relatives, including King Christian IX of Denmark, the Prince and Princess of Wales, and Duke of York, and Duke and Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and his daughter-in-law to be, Alix of Hesse, and her brother, Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig of Hesse. [citation needed] These sentiments would resurface during 18751879, when the Eastern question excited Russian society. The union proved a happy one to the end; unlike nearly all of his predecessors since Peter I, there was no adultery in his marriage. Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Prince of Finland from 1881 to 1894. An opinion piece in Scientific American by a researcher at Penn (I previously wrote about his study last year): Many Differences Between Liberals and Conservatives May Boil Down to One Belief Conservatives tend to believe that strict divisions are an inherent part of life. The new Emperor believed that remaining true to Russian Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality (the ideology introduced by his grandfather, emperor Nicholas I) would save Russia from revolutionary agitation. He was the embodiment of the fabled Russian bear. He was known for being a conservative leader who went back on many of the liberal acts that his father passes as King. During his reign, Russia fought no major wars; he was therefore came to be known as the "The Peacemaker" (Russian: , tr. He would order each musician of the orchestra to leave and turn off the lights until the guests left. He was also good with kids and doted upon his daughters. 20 October] 1894. ", Etty, John. He was succeeded by his eldest son who took the throne as Nicholas II. On 2 June 1866, Alexander went to Copenhagen to visit Dagmar. During his reign the autocracy stabilized and dissent was forced underground. However, according to contemporaries, having seen the horrors of battle first hand, Alexander developed a loathing for war. Alexander III, Russian in full Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, (born March 10 [February 26, Old Style], 1845, St. Petersburg, Russiadied November 1 [October 20, Old Style], 1894, Livadiya, Crimea), emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894, opponent of representative government, and supporter of Russian nationalism. 13 March [O.S. At the height of the Russian revolution a plan was . To further alleviate the budget deficit, he implemented increased frugality and accounting in state finances. Alexander II (Russian: II , tr. Also Known As: Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov, siblings: Grand Duchess Alexandra Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke Paul Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia, Nicholas Alexandrovich, Tsarevich of Russia, children: Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna of Russia, Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke George Alexandrovich of Russia, Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia, Nicholas II of Russia, See the events in life of Alexander III Of Russia in Chronological Order, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQidSbLmRLM, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NvRHs0X7RCw. Never consulted on political questions, Alexander confined himself to military duties and fulfilled them in a conscientious and unobtrusive manner. At the moment of the crash, the imperial family was in the dining car. Alexander III's Net Worth: $1-5 Million. As a result, Alexander ascended to the Russian imperial throne in Nennal. When Witte suggested that Nicholas participate in the Trans-Siberian Committee, Alexander said, Have you ever tried to discuss anything of consequence with His Imperial Highness the Grand Duke? Here's s page of wonderful images of the great mosaic icon of Christ in the upper gallery of Hagia Sophia - otherwise known as Saint Sophia. 1868), George (b. Alexander Alexandrovich (Russian: ) (10 March 1845 - 1 November 1894), known historically as Alexander III or Alexander the Peacemaker reigned as Emperor of Russia from 13 March [O.S. [citation needed] Alexander resented having to take refuge at Gatchina. In spite of all his shortcomings, Russia fought no major wars during his reign and thus he was dubbed "The Peacemaker". The termination of the Russo-German alliance in 1890 drove Alexander reluctantly into an alliance with France, a country that he strongly disliked as the breeding place of revolutions. His reign cannot be regarded as an eventful period of Russian history; but under his hard rule the country made considerable progress.[34]. During the years of his reign Russia was not involved in even a single major war. 1871), Xenia (b. It was a look as cold as steel, in which there was something threatening, even frightening, and it struck me like a blow. Alexander had better relationships with his other brothers: Alexei (who he made rear admiral and then a grand admiral of the Russian Navy), Sergei (who he made governor of Moscow) and Paul. To his credit, as a husband and a father he was greatly successful. The marriage resulted in six children, including the heir to the throne, the future Emperor Nicholas II. He came to power at a critical point in Imperial Russian history. In his opinion, Russia was to be saved from anarchical disorders and revolutionary agitation not by the parliamentary institutions and so-called liberalism of western Europe but by the three principles of Orthodoxy, autocracy, and narodnost. [38] Under heavy guard, he would make occasional visits into St. Petersburg, but even then he would stay in the Anichkov Palace, as opposed to the Winter Palace. When they were looking at photographs of the deceased Nicholas, Alexander proposed to Dagmar. At the same time, Russia gradually annexed the territory of Turkmenistan and increased its presence in the Far East, where Japan's active policies were causing the country great concern. At first the tsarevich was more Slavophile than the government, but he was disabused of his illusions during the Russo-Turkish War of 187778, when he commanded the left wing of the invading army. No one was seriously hurt, but the strong Alexander III lifted the roof of the car from the wreckage so that his family could escape. In accordance with this conviction, he suggested that certain reforms should be introduced. Alexander III was born on March 10, 1845 in Saint Petersburg, Russia. He gloried in the idea of being of the same rough texture as the great majority of his subjects. Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov was born in the Winter Palace in St Petersburg, the second son of Tsar Alexander II.During his childhood, Alexander was tutored by Konstantin Pobedonostsev, whose . [15] He privately denounced Catherine as "the outsider" and complained that she was "designing and immature". The look of a man who stood above all others, but who carried a monstrous burden and who every minute had to fear for his life and the lives of those closest to him. "The Orthodox Church in the Baltic Region and the Policies of Alexander Ill's Government. Maximize your time in St. Petersburg with tours expertly tailored to your interests. Alexander III is best known as a Emperor. Construction began on the Trans-Siberian Railway. Following the Revolution of 1917, the statue remained in place as a symbol of tsarist autocracy until 1937 when it was placed in storage. This blog posting will help you find out if you are descended from her, too. 1875), Michael (b. These included Alexander II's blood-soaked uniform that he died wearing, and his reading glasses. "[39], In the 1860s, Alexander fell in love with his mother's lady-in-waiting, Princess Maria Elimovna Meshcherskaya. Alexander III became ill with incurable kidney disease in early 1894 and died on 1 November 1894, at the age 6f 49. On 18 November 2017, Vladimir Putin unveiled a bronze monument to Alexander III on the site of the former Maly Livadia Palace in Crimea. Alexander became the Tsarevitch of Russia in 1865 following the death of his brother, Nicholas, from meningitis. His teacher instilled in the young man a zeal for Russian Orthodox thought which would influence many of his decisions once he became the emperor. We can help you make the right choice from hundreds of St. Petersburg hotels and hostels. Estimated Net Worth in 2021: $1-$3million: Previous Year's Net Worth (2020) Under Review: Annual Salary: . However, this peace was often done at the expense of the working class and peasantry. Its roof collapsed, and Alexander held its remains on his shoulders as the children fled outdoors. Industrial development increased during his reign. Biography. [4], Alexander was extremely strong. He was born as Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov on 10 March 1845 at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, to Emperor Alexander II of Russia and his wife Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse). Alexander III of Russia was the emperor of Russia from 1881 to 1894. Coronation of Maria Fyodorovna and Alexander III, Emperor Alexander III with his wife and children, The dining car and grand-ducal wagon of the Russian Imperial train after the accident on 17 October 1888, The body of Tsar Alexander III in his chair with Empress Maria Fedorovna alongside (from the album. The rest would bear a princely title and the style of Serene Highness. Alexander III of Russia was born on March 10, 1845 in Saint Petersburg, Russian, is Former Emperor of All Russia. Russia's hopes for a constitution also died that day. Age, Height & Body Measurements. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. an absolute child. In October 1888 the Imperial train derailed while the Tsar and his family were eating in the dining car. Alexander rejected foreign influence, German influence in particular, thus the adoption of local national principles was deprecated in all spheres of official activity, with a view to realizing his ideal of a Russia homogeneous in language, administration and religion. We can find you a suitable interpreter for your negotiations, research or other needs. Updates? History is blessed with perfect hindsight. In this, he asserted his commitment to maintaining tsarist autocracy and the supremacy of the Orthodox church. This policy is known in Russia as "counter-reforms" (Russian: ). One can only imagine the rage he, his wife and children felt as they watched the Tsar bleed and die in a St Petersburg palace. The new tsar was horrified by the murder of his father but not altogether surprised. He was born during the reign of his grandfather Nicholas I. Mikhail Katkov and other journalists supported the emperor in his autocracy. All of Alexander III's internal reforms aimed to reverse the liberalization that had occurred in his father's reign. Then he started studying the principles of law and administration under Konstantin Pobedonostsev. Alexander was an avid collector of art, and in this matter he was only rivaled by Catherine the Great. [citation needed], The Russian famine of 189192, which caused 375,000 to 500,000 deaths, and the ensuing cholera epidemic permitted some liberal activity, as the Russian government could not cope with the crisis and had to allow zemstvos to help with relief (among others, Leo Tolstoy helped with relief efforts on his estate and through the British press,[24] and Chekhov directed anti-cholera precautions in several villages). John Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959," p. 101, John Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959," p. 132, John Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959," p. 133, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 407, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 409, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 415, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 441, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 442, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 445, John Van der Kiste, The Romanovs 1818-1959," p. 86, Simon Sebag Montefiore, The Romanovs, p. 451, I. Michael Aronson, "The Attitudes of Russian Officials in the 1880s toward Jewish Assimilation and Emigration. There was indeed something of the muzhik [Russian peasant] about him. Indeed, during his reign, Russia did not become entangled in any wars and the Tsar strove to maintain peace in Europe, which earned him the moniker of "Peacemaker". He was known to be highly conservative and a staunch supporter of Russian nationalism. That time was no more. 20 October] 1894. The Industrial Revolution had finally come to Russia and capitalism was taking root. . It's free to sign up and bid on jobs. He wanted to create a nation that was composed of a single nationality, language, and religion, as well as one form of administration. He was much more lenient with his children than most European monarchs, and he told their tutors, "I do not need porcelain, I want normal healthy Russian children.[46] General Cherevin believed that the clever George was "the favourite of both parents". He implemented changes such as teaching only the Russian language in Russian schools in Germany, Poland, and Finland. At 49 years old, Czar Aleksandr III height is 6' 4" (1.94 m) . "[44] He wrote in his diary that he "was crying like a baby"[45] when Dagmar gave birth to their first child, Nicholas. The antagonism between father and son first appeared publicly during the Franco-German War, when the tsar sympathized with Prussia and the tsarevich Alexander with the French. Alexander III Of Russia detail biography, family, facts and date of birth. During his reign he adopted several repressive policies including the Russification of national minorities in the Russian Empire as well as persecution of the non-Orthodox religious groups. He married Dagmar of Denmark (1847-1928) 9 November 1866 . Russian Revolution memory quiz events 1907-1916, Russian Revolution memory quiz events 1917, Russian Revolution memory quiz events 1918-1924, Russian Revolution memory quiz revolutionaries, Russian Revolution memory quiz tsarists, Russian Revolution memory quiz: concepts (I), Russian Revolution memory quiz: concepts (II), Russian Revolution memory quiz: events 1906 to 1913, Russian Revolution memory quiz: events 1914 to 1916, Russian Revolution memory quiz: events to 1905, a statement asserting his belief in unshakable autocracy. Web Design Austin, Boy who Dreamed of a Palace - Bob Atchison, 1923 American Interview with Patriarch Tikhon, Aurochs! Raymond A. Mohl, "Confrontation in Central Asia, 1885,", Charles Jelavich, "Russo-Bulgarian relations, 1892-1896: with particular reference to the problem of the bulgarian succession. [citation needed] Girs was in charge of a diplomacy that featured numerous negotiated settlements, treaties and conventions. The four-meter monument by Russian sculptor Andrey Kovalchuk depicts Alexander III sitting on a stump, his stretched arms resting on a sabre. The palace was surrounded by moats, watch towers, and trenches, and soldiers were on guard night and day. Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia remembered hearing Alexander say, To think that after having faced the guns of the Turks I must retreat now before these skunks. For more information on usage, please refer to our Terms of Use. Native American Ancestry - Am I descended from Pochahontas. As a result of the assassination, Alexander III would not consider granting the constitution. He and Maria Feodorovna were officially crowned and anointed at the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow on 27 May 1883. ", Nelipa, M., ALEXANDER III His Life and Reign (2014), Gilbert's Books. He proved himself to be an autocratic ruler who prided himself on being a true Russian patriot. [50] His sister-in-law, the Princess of Wales, would come from Great Britain with some of her children, and his brother-in-law and cousin-in-law, King George I of Greece, his wife, Queen Olga, who was a first cousin of Alexander and a Romanov Grand Duchess by birth, came with their children from Athens. The crown passed to his son, Nicholas, who Alexander had privately expressed was unsuited for leadership. His reign saw no major wars being fought by Russia. In foreign affairs he was emphatically a man of peace but not a partisan of the doctrine of peace at any price. Aleksndr II Nikolyevich, IPA: [lksandr ftroj nklajvt]; 29 April 1818 - 13 March 1881) [a] was Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 2 March 1855 until his assassination in 1881. [52] Alexander was so furious that he temporarily exiled Vladimir and his wife and threatened to exile them permanently to Siberia if they did not leave immediately. 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