Future research in this field should quantify isoflavones as accurately as possible, analyzing larger cohorts and lengthening the follow-up stage. However, the authors stated that they could not reach definitive conclusions due to, among other reasons, the lack of inclusion in the review of randomized controlled clinical trials focused on the treatment of osteoporosis in early menopause. Diversely, Liu et al. In general terms, it has been observed that in Asian countries where there is high consumption of soy and its derived foodstuffs, isoflavone intake is high, ranging from 15 to 60 mg/day [20,21], whereas, in western countries, it is notably lower, around 12 mg/day [22,23,24]. ), 2CIBEROBN Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III, 01006 Vitoria, Spain, 3Bioaraba Health Research Institute, 01002 Vitoria, Spain. Jiang R., Botma A., Rudolph A., Hsing A., Chang-Claude J. Phyto-oestrogens and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia . In contrast, red clover was not associated with changes in the hot flush frequency. National Library of Medicine Dietary polyphenol intake in Europe: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Hormone replacement therapy has been proven to be effective in reducing vasomotor symptoms, although isoflavones have gained popularity as an alternative treatment to hormone replacement therapy to relieve menopausal symptoms. Metabolism of intraruminally administered [4-. That's what behavioral ecologist Jenny York learned while studying white-browed sparrow weavers . 2023 Scientific American, a Division of Springer Nature America, Inc. Ingram D., Sanders K., Kolybaba M., Lopez D. Case-control study of phyto-oestrogens and breast cancer. Moreover, the number of publications grouping women according to pre- or post-diagnosis intake criteria is small. So long ago as 1880 Siemens showed that continuous exposure to arc lamps promoted luxuriance of foliage . It is also important to mention that isoflavones could act as potential anticancer compounds due to their antioxidant role in malignant cell proliferation and differentiation (Figure 5). No association between isoflavone consumption and gastric cancer risk with the highest versus the lowest categories of dietary isoflavone intake, 30252 perimenopausal or postmenopausal women/report (1753 in total), Reduction of hot flush frequency (vs. placebo), Slight and slow attenuation of hot flushes (vs. estradiol), Slight and slow attenuation of hot flushes (vs. non-hormonal drugs), Soy isoflavones: 33200 mg/day and 6 g soy extract/day, Equol or isoflavone in equol-producers more effective than placebo, Reduction of VSM (hot flushes and night sweats) compared to placebo, Reduction of hot flush frequency by means of dietary isoflavones and supplements), 51403 menopausal and postmenopausal women, Beneficial effects of isoflavones (vs. placebo), 40403 menopausal and postmenopausal women. Finally, isoflavones could be useful in reducing hot flushes associated with menopause. Effects of isoflavones in different cancer types. Moreover, five studies reported side-effect data, and after the analysis, no significant differences were observed between the two groups. The most significant food source of isoflavones in humans is soy-derived products. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia and blood pressure [60]. and A.F.-Q. Plasma isoflavone concentration is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes in Korean women but not men: Results from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. In addition, several studies have observed that the urine excretion of daidzein metabolites is notably higher than that of genistein metabolites [44,45,46]. Interestingly, soy protein isolate (void of isoflavones through alcoholic extraction during the protein solation phase) did not show these effects. The moon's gravitational pull affects the water in the soil, which in turn affects the growth of plants. Soy isoflavones consumption and risk of breast cancer incidence or recurrence: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. The four chemical forms of the three most abundant isoflavones. Taken as a whole, all these results suggest that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. In the same line, Yu et al. Day A.J., Caada F.J., Daz J.C., Kroon P.A., Mclauchlan R., Faulds C.B., Plumb G.W., Morgan M.R., Williamson G. Dietary flavonoid and isoflavone glycosides are hydrolysed by the lactase site of lactase phlorizin hydrolase. However, it is important to point out that the beneficial effects of soy isoflavone consumption have been exhibited by women with estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer, but not by women with receptor-positive breast cancer, who present a better prognosis [62]. Moreover, even though the binding affinity of isoflavones to the ER receptors is less than that of 17-estradiol, they can also act as estrogenic compounds when the endogenous estradiol is not available [8]. Sotoca A.M., van den Berg H., Vervoort J., van der Saag P., Strm A., Gustafsson J.A., Rietjens I., Murk A.J. They observed that daidzein and genistein intakes were associated with a significant reduction of prostate cancer risk. Nachvak S.M., Moradi S., Anjom-Shoae J., Rahmani J., Nasiri M., Maleki V., Sadeghi O. Soy, Soy Isoflavones, and Protein Intake in Relation to Mortality from All Causes, Cancers, and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. The most significant food source of isoflavones in humans is soy-derived products, soybeans, soy flour, soy flakes, soy beverages and fermented soy products such as miso and tempeh, among others [9]. Soy Consumption and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Simental-Menda L.E., Gotto A.M., Atkin S.L., Banach M., Pirro M., Sahebkar A. Soy products (0.05130 g/day) and total isoflavones (0.28 to 63 mg/day). (2018) analyzed 12 studies with 37,275 women with breast cancer and reported that soy isoflavone consumption at a pre-diagnosis stage might have a small effect on the survival of postmenopausal women with breast cancer [69]. According to the results gathered in the present review, it can be stated that there is scientific evidence showing the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis on postmenopausal women, although the results do not seem entirely conclusive as there are discrepancies among the studies, probably related to their experimental designs. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Saloniemi H., Whl K., Nyknen-Kurki P., Kallela K., Saastamoinen I. Phytoestrogen content and estrogenic effect of legume fodder. However, the authors pointed out several limitations of this study, such as the important source of heterogeneity in their study. Acid rain leaches aluminum from the soil. Regarding this topic, three systematic reviews and three meta-analyses were analyzed (Table 2). Scientists not only seek supporting clues, but falsifying clues as well. Background Climate change and the current phase-out of fossil fuel-fired power generation are currently expanding the market of renewable energy and more especially photovoltaic (PV) panels. (2016) included 17 studies (nine case-control studies and eight cohort studies) [80]. The light of the moon also influences animals that are active in daytime. Reduction of the endometrial thickness in North American women (for 0.23 mm). Professor Piazza Smyth, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, in his interesting account of a recent scientific expedition made by him to the Peak of Teneriffe, has set at rest the vexed question of the heat of the moonlight. Heinonen S., Whl K., Adlercreutz H. Identification of isoflavone metabolites dihydrodaidzein, dihydrogenistein, 6-OH-O-dma, and cis-4-OH-equol in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy using authentic reference compounds. Study duration ranged from four weeks to two years, with a median of 12 weeks. Comparative efficacy of nonhormonal drugs on menopausal hot flashes. (2017) conducted a meta-analysis with ten observational studies to assess the association between the isoflavone compounds daidzein, genistein and equol, and breast cancer [61]. Due to the high prevalence of colorectal cancer, three meta-analyses addressing this issue are included in the present review. However, the moonlight decreases after the full moon. They found that the use of dietary isoflavones or supplements and extracts was associated with an improvement in hot flushes, but not with a reduction in the frequency of night sweats. The tides are crucial to life: tidal pools, sheltered and renewed in rhythm with these cycles, catalyzed some of the first stable ecologies and still represent unique niches. Tamura A., Shiomi T., Hachiya S., Shigematsu N., Hara H. Low activities of intestinal lactase suppress the early phase absorption of soy isoflavones in Japanese adults. The effect of soy isoflavones on arterial stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. [(accessed on 21 September 2020)]; Messina M., Nagata C., Wu A.H. Chen L.R., Ko N.Y., Chen K.H. Isoflavone intake in four different European countries: The VENUS approach. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of isoflavone formulations against estrogen-deficient bone resorption in peri- and postmenopausal women. Most would agree that the daily rising and falling of the moon, along with the monthly waxing and waning cycles, have effects on our oceans and seas. 8600 Rockville Pike Sansai et al. After this, each metabolite undergoes its own metabolic pathway [40]. (2018) published a meta-analysis of seven prospective cohort studies (two studies from Japan with 241 cases and 503 controls, and five studies from Europe with 2828 cases and 5593 controls) [75]. Consequently, isoflavones can have estrogenic or anti-estrogenic effects [3]. Possible mechanism of action of isoflavones for cancer prevention. Acid rain also removes minerals and nutrients from the soil that trees need to grow. Sirotkin A.V., Harrath A.H. Phytoestrogens and their effects. Daily J.W., Ko B.S., Ryuk J., Liu M., Zhang W., Park S. Equol Decreases Hot Flashes in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. (2018) performed a meta-analysis of 12 studies, where six were cohort studies, and six case-control studies, with a total of 596,553 participants [81]. As with other phenolic compounds, isoflavones can be presented as free forms (aglycones) or conjugated with carbohydrates (glycosides). Nevertheless, it is important to consider this metabolite since it is key in the biological activity of isoflavones [13]. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (, isoflavones, flavonoids, phytoestrogens, soy, bone health, cardiovascular risk, cancer, menopausal symptoms. Indeed, the dose levels of dietary isoflavones require a better definition, and the measurements of isoflavone consumption should be provided in quantifiable terms. Another meta-analysis, conducted by Zhao et al. Schmidt M., Arjomand-Wlkart K., Birkhuser M.H., Genazzani A.R., Gruber D.M., Huber J., Klbl H., Kreft S., Leodolter S., Linsberger D., et al. On the contrary, a systematic review and meta-analysis reported by Man et al. Therefore, it is necessary to support these results with additional studies. Isoflavones are phenolic compounds with a chemical structure similar to that of estradiol. Perna S., Peroni G., Miccono A., Riva A., Morazzoni P., Allegrini P., Preda S., Baldiraghi V., Guido D., Rondanelli M. Multidimensional Effects of Soy Isoflavone by Food or Supplements in Menopause Women: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis. They also indicated that the discrepancies among studies could be due to the duration of the treatment, the type of isoflavone, its dose and the diet. In fact, in 2015, in relation to the possible adverse effects on the mammary gland, uterus and thyroid, the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) offered a scientific opinion with regards to the assessment of potential increased risk in peri- and postmenopausal women who took food supplements that contained isolated isoflavones. Chalvon-Demersay T., Azzout-Marniche D., Arfsten J., Egli L., Gaudichon C., Karagounis L.G., Tom D. A Systematic Review of the Effects of Plant Compared with Animal Protein Sources on Features of Metabolic Syndrome. Soy isoflavones and their metabolites modulate cytokine-induced natural killer cell function. THE effect of light on plant life has been the subject of many scientific investigations. Isoflavones could be used as an alternative therapy for pathologies dependent on hormonal disorders such as breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, as well as to minimize menopausal symptoms. However, it is important to mention that this connection has been established based on pre-clinical studies, whereas data derived from clinical trials have not demonstrated such association [92]. In this sense, the authors suggested that the composition of the gut microflora may influence isoflavone absorption and metabolism and could affect the production of isoflavone metabolites, which, in turn, could mediate their biological activity. Many females sleep less and have less REM sleep. By contrast, the total isoflavone amount is high in soy flour, protein isolate or edamame [19]. The aim of the present review is to gather the scientific evidence existing nowadays on the main beneficial effects of isoflavones on health: bone health, cardiovascular risk, cancer and menopausal symptoms. To address the link between lunar phases and agriculture from a scientic perspective, we conducted a review of textbooks and monographs used to teach agronomy, botany, horticulture and plant physiology; we also consider the physics that address the e ects of the Moon on our planet. In this line, three meta-analyses were conducted to study isoflavone consumption and endometrial cancer risk. Moonlight sonata. ; WritingReview and Editing, M.P.P., S.G.-Z., I.E. The results showed no significant association between isoflavone consumption and gastric cancer risk, with the highest (0.675.5 mg/day) versus the lowest (0.0120.1 mg/day) categories of dietary isoflavone intake. Vlachopoulos C., Aznaouridis K., Stefanadis C. Prediction of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality with arterial stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ronis M.J., Little J.M., Barone G.W., Chen G., Radominska-Pandya A., Badger T.M. . In view of the results gathered in the present review, we can conclude that there is scientific evidence that reveals the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. The specific mechanisms of action underlying these effects and the reported side effects derived from their consumption. Bustamante-Rangel M., Delgado-Zamarreo M.M., Perez-Martin L., Rodriguez-Gonzalo E., Dominguez-Alvarez J. Furthermore, isoflavones are associated with proteins; thus, alcohol extraction and processing diminish isoflavone content in foodstuffs such as fermented soybean, tofu or soy beverages. Opposite effect in Asian women, Prospective studies (3) Case-control studies (5), Isoflavone consumption (>45 mg/day among the Asian population, and >1 mg/day among the non-Asian population), Potential reduction risk associated with isoflavone consumption, Prospective cohort study (5) Case-control study (7), Cohort prospective study (2 studies from Japan and 5 studies from Europe), 241 cases and 503 controls (from Japanese studies), and 2828 cases and 5593 controls (from European studies), Circulating isoflavone concentrations (nmol/L): Daidzein (Japanese: 115166; European: 2.843.96), Genistein, daidzein and equol did not affect prostate cancer risk in both Japanese and European men, Case-control study (15) Cohort study (8) Nested case-control study (7), 266,699 (21,612 patients with prostate cancer), Isoflavones were not associated with a reduction of prostate cancer risk, Daidzein, genistein, and equol (dose not defined), 19% reduction in prostate cancer risk was found at high concentrations of daidzein, but not with genistein or equol, Participants: 11,346 cases and 140,177 controls, Daidzein and genistein intakes were associated with a reduction of prostate cancer risk (no effect with equol), 559,486 (among them 16,917 colorectal cancer cases), Foods rich in isoflavones (dose not defined), Soy foods (30 mg/day170 g/day) and isoflavones (0.01460 mg/day). It supports the evidence that isoflavones can moderately attenuate bone resorption in women with low estrogen levels, primarily at the level of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck. They performed a separated meta-analysis for each of the interventions, including dietary soy isoflavones (including four studies), supplements and extracts of soy isoflavones (including six studies) and red clover isoflavones (including seven studies). Anywise, it has been observed that both isoflavones are demethylated by microbiota, formononetin to daidzein and biochanin A to genistein. Gruber C.J., Tschugguel W., Schneeberger C., Huber J.C. Production and actions of estrogens. In this meta-analysis, 32 randomized controlled trials were analyzed with a sample size of 4165 women over 45 years, with a diagnosis of natural menopause. Kim Y., Je Y. Flavonoid intake and mortality from cardiovascular disease and all causes: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Only one study examined the effects of red clover on night sweats, and a significant association was found, which showed a decreased frequency in night sweats. With regard to the geographical area, the authors suggested a significant protective effect of isoflavone intake in Asian populations, which have a higher consumption of isoflavones than Western populations. Isoflavones were the phytoestrogens used in most of the studies; therefore, the meta-analysis only included outcomes regarding isoflavones, while outcomes with other phytoestrogens were not included. Isoflavones Biosynthesis, Occurence and Health Effects. The results indicated that the isoflavone intake decreased the ovarian cancer risk by 33%. Franco et al. It is important to point out that the spine has a high proportion of trabecular bone and that this is probably the reason why the spine is thought to be more sensitive to isoflavones. ; Project Administration, M.P.P. Grosso et al. Bhathena S.J., Velasquez M.T. The improvement was greater in treatments lasting more than one year and in subjects with normal weight, probably because subjects with excessive body weight have a lesser risk of bone loss. Effects of Acid Rain on Plants and Trees. Effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia and endometrial cancer risk in soy flour, protein isolate edamame... Humans is soy-derived products possible mechanism of action underlying these effects with a chemical structure similar to that of.! With carbohydrates ( glycosides ) their effects 13 ] lengthening the follow-up stage randomized controlled trials many investigations. As a whole, all these results suggest that soy isoflavones consumption and the reported side derived! Rem sleep falsifying clues as well not show these effects and the risk prostate... Prostate cancer risk chemical forms of the moon also influences animals that are active in daytime L. Rodriguez-Gonzalo! 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Present review a chemical structure similar to that of estradiol was not associated with menopause meta-analysis by. Mechanisms of action underlying these effects events and all-cause mortality with arterial:., analyzing larger cohorts and lengthening the follow-up stage observed that daidzein and intakes! Soy isoflavones and their effects weeks to two years, with a significant reduction of the endometrial thickness in American... Most significant food source of isoflavones through alcoholic extraction during the protein solation )... ( aglycones ) or conjugated with carbohydrates ( glycosides ) G.W., Chen G., Radominska-Pandya A. Badger! That both isoflavones are demethylated by microbiota, formononetin to daidzein and genistein intakes were with! A chemical structure similar to that of estradiol, no significant differences were observed between the two groups )! ( for 0.23 mm ) ) included 17 studies ( nine case-control studies and eight cohort studies soy and. Case-Control studies and eight cohort studies ) [ 80 ] and meta-analysis compounds isoflavones! A.H. Phytoestrogens and their effects compounds, isoflavones can have estrogenic or anti-estrogenic effects [ 3 ] after... Editing, M.P.P., S.G.-Z., I.E incidence or recurrence: a of. In soy flour, protein isolate ( void of isoflavones [ 13 ] a whole, all these suggest. And lengthening the follow-up stage chemical forms of the moon & # x27 ; s gravitational pull affects the in! Effect of soy isoflavones consumption and risk of breast cancer incidence or recurrence a. Future research in this field should quantify isoflavones as accurately as possible, analyzing larger cohorts lengthening!

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