However, in a limited class of cases, the Court has original jurisdiction to consider the facts and the law of a case without it having first been passed on by a lower court. There are established exceptions to the doctrine of primary jurisdiction, such as: (a) where there is estoppel on the part of the party invoking the doctrine; (b) where the challenged administrative act is patently illegal, amounting to lack of jurisdiction; (c) where there is unreasonable delay or official inaction . The limitation on assimilative crimes is that if there is a federal statute covering the offense, that federal statute must be used. There are four main types of jurisdiction (arranged from greatest Air Force authority to least): (1) exclusive federal jurisdiction; (2) concurrent federal jurisdiction; Can You Sue Someone for Disclosing Personal Information? Appeals to circuit courts are first heard by a panel, consisting of three circuit court judges. What jurisdiction do military courts have? Original Jurisdiction the court that gets to hear the case first. WebPractice, Final Report on the Exercise of universal jurisdiction in respect of gross human rights offences, 2000, p. 2. Solari: So then the issue then is, when does a federal nexus, or a federal connection, create a need for federal law enforcement on a particular piece of federal property? Answer and Explanation: The two types of jurisdiction exercised by courts are original jurisdiction and appellate jurisdiction. Concurrent jurisdiction exists where two or more courts from different systems simultaneously have jurisdiction over a specific case. Each circuit court has multiple judges, ranging from six on the First Circuit to twenty-nine on the Ninth Circuit. District court judges are responsible for managing the court and supervising the courts employees. Have a question about Government Services. So only federal law applies, and only a federal officer or agent can handle the case. Which court has jurisdiction over civil cases? The doctrine of primary jurisdiction requires the court to allow for a referral to the agency by staying further judicial proceedings so as to give the parties a reasonable opportunity to seek an administrative ruling. Personal jurisdiction is the requirement that a given court have power over the defendant, based on minimum contacts with the forum. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Jurisdiction is defined as the power or authority to decide legal cases. I worked in Idaho, Montana, and various other states both as a uniformed officer and as an agent. Exclusive jurisdiction. Federal officers and agents are responsible for handling all investigations and cases, and the local police do not come onto the facility to investigate or arrest suspects. What are the 5 types of cases that have federal jurisdiction? Press ESC to cancel. Often, there is no dispute about the ownership, and all lands are the same type. The precise definition varies by context and state laws. What does jurisdiction mean in law? The federal district court is the starting point for any case arising under federal statutes, the Constitution, or treaties. Solari: Ok. Three types of jurisdiction are 1) subject matter jurisdiction. What are the requirements for federal jurisdiction? Cases from the district courts of those states are appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, which is headquartered in New Orleans, Louisiana. There are laws found in the Code of Federal Regulations that require visitors to national forests to obey standard rules of behavior, for example to avoid damaging public property, and to get permits before taking or altering any natural features found in the forest. Each district court has at least one United States District Judge, appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate for a life term. In summary, exclusive jurisdiction refers to the authority of a particular court to hear a case to the exclusion of all others, concurrent jurisdiction refers to the authority of multiple courts to hear a case, original jurisdiction refers to the authority of a court to hear a case as the first instance, and appellate jurisdiction refers to the authority of a court to hear appeals from lower courts. I love to write and share science related Stuff Here on my Website. Court-martial jurisdiction rests upon two primary considerations: (1) commission of an offense under the UCMJ; and (2) military status of the person who committed the offense at the time the offense was committed. Types of Jurisdiction The United States Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices. So thank you very much, Steve, for helping us out with this issue today. Federal Judiciary: Special Courts Federal courts U.S. Supreme Court Appellate Courts Trial Courts Special Courts REFERENCE DESK Research Resources Phone: 706-542-6591 Email: lawref@uga.edu GAVEL online catalog Law Library website Library Hours Reference Services Tax Court In such a case, the court must decide whether the states evidence of jurisdiction is sufficient to reach the jury, and if so, must submit the issue to the jury. Now Steve, I've heard the term Special Maritime & Territorial Jurisdiction, or sometimes called SMTJ. What will happen if a case is brought to a court that lacks jurisdiction? There are three methods by which the United States obtains exclusive or concurrent jurisdiction over federal lands in a state: (1) a state statute consenting to the purchase of land by the United States for the purposes enumerated in Article 1, Section 8, Clause 1 7, of the Constitution of the United States; (2) a state cession statute; and (3) a What are the 2 types of court system in the world? Article I tribunals include Article I courts (also called legislative courts) set up by Congress to review agency decisions, military courts-martial appeal courts, ancillary courts with judges appointed by Article III appeals court judges, or administrative agencies and administrative law judges (ALJs). The higher court will then review the case and make a new decision, which is typically final and binding. Congress, in creating the military justice system, established three types of courts-martial: (1) summary court-martial, (2) special court-martial, and (3) general court- martial. Feds have criminal jurisdiction over military members (via UCMJ), while the state has criminal jurisdiction over civilians (state laws). Exclusive Jurisdiction only that court can hear a specific case. Federal courts generally have exclusive jurisdiction in cases involving (1) the Constitution, (2) violations of federal laws, (3) controversies between states, (4) disputes between parties from different states, (5) suits by or against the federal government, (6) foreign governments and treaties, (7) admiralty and . Only federal courts have authority to hear , state courts cannot. If the writ is granted, the Supreme Court will take briefs and conduct oral argument. See FARB at 20 n.70. En banc opinions tend to carry more weight and are usually decided only after a panel has first heard the case. There are four main types of jurisdiction (arranged from greatest Air Force authority to least): (1) exclusive federal jurisdiction; (2) concurrent federal jurisdic- tion; (3) partial federal jurisdiction; and (4) proprietary jurisdiction. the court must be able to exercise control over the defendant, or the property involved must be located in the area under the courts control. Perry: That's true. What is Joint Jurisdiction? Court can only hear a case on appeal. INSTALLATION JURISDICTION There are four main types of jurisdiction (arranged from greatest Air Force authority to least): (1) exclusive federal jurisdiction; (2) concurrent federal jurisdic- tion; (3) partial federal jurisdiction; and (4) proprietary jurisdiction. Solari: Alright, so state and locals then could come onto that piece of property that has exclusive jurisdiction to serve summons and subpoenas. A special court martial consists of a panel of not less than three members and a military judge, or an accused may be tried by military judge alone on their request. What are the four constitutional courts? Finally, appellate jurisdiction refers to the authority of a court or legal body to hear appeals from lower courts. These categories are basically self-explanatory. 3) hierarchical Jurisdiction. What are the 4 types of cases where the Federal Court has original jurisdiction? However, if that same case were decided entirely on a state law similar to the First Amendment, the Supreme Court of the United States would not be able to consider the case. 950 Pennsylvania Avenue NW If land is owned exclusively, the federal government takes over all the law enforcement responsibilities. Court can only hear a case on appeal. Once a panel has ruled on an issue and published the opinion, no future panel can overrule the previous decision. Solari: So then what is the third category of jurisdiction? Most often asked questions related to bitcoin! Except as specified by the Constitution, the federal government does not have jurisdiction and all legal authority is maintained by the state. Check out the 2023 U.S. military pay scale charts for all ranks for active duty, as well as Reserve and Guard components. Perry: Absolutely right. The sheriff or city police will respond and they'll handle calls without regard to the property's ownership. AFI 10-245, Circumstances in which you may use deadly for. Washington, DC 20530-0001. It may eventually burn onto United States land and damage U.S. property. Court is the first one to hear case. 12 of the Revised Rules states that a motion to dismiss is a prohibited pleading except when it raises any of the following grounds: (1) the courts lack of jurisdiction over the subject matter of the claim; (2) the pendency of another action between the same parties for the same cause; and (3) the cause of action is . However, sometimes activities occurring outside a national forest may interfere with the adjacent forest. [Ex parte Milligan, 71 U.S. 2, 142 (U.S. 1866)]. During the time periods before 1940 in which the federal government has exclusive jurisdiction, such jurisdiction automatically attached on acquisition of the land. Just as state legislators pass laws that define and penalize crimes under state law, Congress defines and penalizes acts that constitute federal crimes. What is the difference between exclusive jurisdiction and concurrent jurisdiction? Solari: Well it seems like this category, concurrent jurisdiction, gives the federal law enforcement officer or agent the most options. More specifically, federal courts hear criminal, civil, and bankruptcy cases. Concurrent Jurisdiction. Appellate Jurisdiction A court that can only hear a case that is on appeal. However, concurrent jurisdiction brings other non-law enforcement responsibilities to that agency as well, and some agencies prefer to keep their properties held as proprietary jurisdiction. What is the difference between courts of limited and general jurisdictions? If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Is It Risky to Buy a Home Before a Recession? Parties may file a writ of certiorari to the court, asking it to hear the case. What are the 4 types of Supreme Court opinions? Solari: Well, and what types of federal property are there? Adultery does not play a role in financial aspects of a divorce case. There are three types of jurisdiction that every state and federal court must possess to be able to hear and rule in a case. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Exclusive jurisdiction exists in civil procedure if one court has the power to adjudicate a case to the exclusion of all other courts. Court is the first one to hear case. The federal court system has three main levels: district courts (the trial court), circuit courts which are the first level of appeal, and the Supreme Court of the United States, the final level of appeal in the federal system. Perry: Concurrent legislative jurisdiction is the third type. Some states exempt all or a portion of military retired pay from income taxation. The Personally Procured Move (PPM): Steps to Take, Service Members Get Special Rental and Eviction Protection, Health Net Protests $65.1 Billion Tricare Contract Award, Tricare Dental Program to Expand Choice of Carriers Under New Law, Express Scripts Invites Independent Pharmacies to Rejoin Tricare in What Critics Call 'Empty Gesture', 5 Myths About the PACT Act and VA Benefits. Everyone in federal law enforcement knows that there must be a connection between the offense and the federal government, a nexus we call it, for federal law enforcement to take action. Appelate Jurisdiction. It is called concurrent jurisdiction when this is the case. What determines if a crime is federal or state? The vast majority of law enforcement work is done by state and local police, and has always been so. jurisdiction; and (4) proprietary jurisdiction. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The United States has two separate court systems, which are the federal and the state, because the U.S. Constitution created federalism. Original Jurisdiction A court that is the first one to hear a case. The supreme court is the highest court within the hierarchy of courts in many legal jurisdictions. Appellate Jurisdiction the power for a higher court to review a lower courts decision. However, military installations, federal buildings, post offices, and some other high value or security sensitive sites continue to be held in exclusive jurisdiction. Solari: One last question: how would a person who has newly arrived at his or her duty station, find out which category he or she is working in? This means that each state is responsible for making its own laws and can, therefore, make those laws that are important to that particular state. Violations occurring within the federal land will then be handled by a federal law enforcement officer. Be informed of legal information and news with Intuito Legal. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The Servicemember's Civil Relief Act (SCRA) protects your dependents from being evicted while you're serving your country. The panel can, however, suggest that the circuit take up the case en banc to reconsider the first panels decision. One exception to the lifetime appointment is for magistrate judges, which are selected by district judges and serve a specified term. For example, if a First Amendment freedom of speech case was decided by the highest court of a state (usually the state supreme court), the case could be appealed to the federal Supreme Court. Glynco, GA 31524 Other places may have a mixture of types. WebFour Types of Military Jurisdictions. In such areas, the federal government may have proprietary jurisdiction (rights as landowner), concurrent jurisdiction (with federal and state law applicable), or exclusive jurisdiction over the land where an act was committed. Courts-martial involving military members subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice apply regardless of location. The Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) provides for three different types of courts martial: These forms of courts martial differ in the type of offenses they consider, the make up of the judge and jury andthe punishments they can mete out. For example, consumer courts have different pecuniary jurisdictions. Perry: The largest percentage of federal land is held in a category known as proprietary jurisdiction. Military pay will see a 4.6% increase for 2023 compared to 2022 levels, after President Joe Biden signs the new rate into law. The differences between federal and state courts are defined mainly by jurisdiction. That is a statute, 18 United States Code Federal or state courts could hear. Jurisdiction is important because if a court does not have jurisdiction over a case, it does not have the legal authority to pass judgment on the case. operations of the government through. What are the four subcomponents of a By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Perry: As the population moved, states often gave land to the United States to encourage development of new federal military installations, post offices, veteran's hospitals, research facilities, forests, refuges, parks. Original Jurisdiction. North Charleston, SC 29405 Federal courts have jurisdiction over cases that deal with federal laws, federal crimes, appeals from bankruptcy proceedings, maritime cases, legal actions involving federal constitution questions, and certain legal matters whose jurisdictions cross state boundaries. However, he quickly realized that his passion was for working with individuals going through the difficult process of divorce. Solari: Well, let's start off with the largest category, which one's that? This means that if a party is dissatisfied with the decision of a lower court, they may appeal the case to a higher court with appellate jurisdiction. What factors would determine what Court has jurisdiction? How many types of jurisdictions are there? What is meant by appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court? In legal terms. The Constitution sets no requirements for Supreme Court justices, though all current members of the court are lawyers and most have served as circuit court judges. Each federal district also has a bankruptcy court for those proceedings. Other descriptions for such courts include court of last resort, apex court, and high or final court of appeal. How many types of court-martial are there in the Army? Solari: Ok, well and of course, a private landlord can't create his own police force to enforce the special rules or regulations that he created for his private property. That is a statute, 18 United States Code Section 7, that lists areas of federal jurisdiction for which certain crimes may be prosecuted. Enlisted members may request that the panel be made up of at least one-third enlisted personnel. The primary jurisdiction doctrine has no application where only a question of law is involved. Court can only hear a case on appeal. There are four Courts of Criminal Appeals (CCA), one for each of the four military service branches. As noted above, the defendant may wait to challenge jurisdiction until after the trial begins. These citations show volumes and page numbers of the Statutes at Large. This can occur when a case involves multiple parties or issues that fall under the jurisdiction of different courts. Do you need both personal and subject matter jurisdiction? General Court Martial. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The districts are the same as those for the U.S. 2) geographic jurisdiction. WebMilitary Installation Jurisdiction Four types of jurisdiction are relevant to civilian involvement in DV on military installations:4 Exclusive Federal Jurisdiction. Federal courts generally have exclusive jurisdiction in cases involving (1) the Constitution, (2) violations of federal laws, (3) controversies between states, (4) disputes between parties from different states, (5) suits by or against the federal government, (6) foreign governments and treaties, (7) admiralty 1300 W. Richey Avenue It can be a state or federal court. Jurisdiction is a legal term used to describe what court has the right of judgment over an issue, person, or case. How to Recession-Proof Your Credit Score. Concurrent jurisdiction, on the other hand, refers to the authority of multiple courts or legal bodies to hear a case. What are the four types of court jurisdiction? Federal trial courts have also been established for a few subject-specific areas. Perry: Not exactly the same thing. Solari: Well, clearly there's no way the federal government can provide law enforcement services for all that property, those buildings and all that land. Can you refuse a divorce? What are the 5 principles of jurisdiction under international law? WebWhat are the 5 types of cases that have federal jurisdiction? (301) 868-5830, Indian Country Law Enforcement Officers Memorial, International Capacity Building Request Procedure, Non-Competitive Appointing Authorities Definitions, Office of Security and Professional Responsibility, Territorial Jurisdiction on Federal Property (MP3), Sponsoring Audio/Video Recordings and Defendants Statements. We know it as the Assimilative Crimes Act, it allows a federal officer who lacks an appropriate federal charge to use an appropriate state law in federal court. The significant role played by bitcoin for businesses! Headquarters - Glynco or control the administrative organization and. Currently, Regional Magistrates Courts only deal with criminal cases whereas the District Magistrates Courts deal with criminal and civil cases. Voted with majority, but dont agree with the reasons. But let's say the behavior, the offense that's occurring at the scene, doesn't have a federal statute to cover it. Do district courts have limited jurisdiction? Solari: So how much land are we really talking about today? Courts in the federal system work differently in many ways than state courts. Weblegislative jurisdiction was obtained by reservation in the enabling act authorizing Statehood. Which of the following is a court with limited jurisdiction? These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. This means that if a case has original jurisdiction, it must be heard by that court or legal body first, rather than being appealed to it from a lower court. If one spouse does not agree to the divorce, Ohio law does not allow that spouse to prevent the divorce from taking place. Only federal courts have authority to hear , state courts cannot. Perry: Unlike a private landlord, Congress has the authority to create law enforcement organizations to patrol and to protect areas of federal property. The two types of judicial systems increasingly predominant in the contemporary world (Civil and Common Law) share a basic common, though distant, root: Roman Law, Justinianean and Classic, respectively (van Caenegem 1988). You just studied 18 terms! WebOriginal Jurisdiction A court that is the first one to hear a case. Enlisted members may request that the panel be made up of at least one-third enlisted personnel. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit , the U. According to these rules, four of the nine Justices must vote to accept a case. Also important to note, the principle of double jeopardy which does not allow a defendant to be tried twice for the same charge does not apply between the federal and state government. Generally, a Primary court has original jurisdiction on civil and criminal matters. A special court martial is often characterized as a misdemeanor court, and may try anyonesubject to the UCMJ, including enlisted members, officers and midshipmen. What are the types of jurisdiction? Use HTTPS jurisdiction is a legal term used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing.... Or treaties divorce case is owned exclusively, the U state laws ) any case arising under statutes... Least one-third enlisted personnel all ranks for active duty, as Well as and! Concurrent legislative jurisdiction is defined as the power for a few subject-specific areas issue! The districts are the four subcomponents of a court that lacks jurisdiction can not procedure if one spouse does agree. Are we really talking about today systems, which one 's that the time before! Statute covering the offense, that federal statute covering the offense, that federal statute be... Source, etc working with individuals going through the difficult process of divorce and or! Under international law civil Relief Act ( SCRA ) protects your dependents from being evicted while you 're serving country. Court of appeals for the U.S. 2, 142 ( U.S. 1866 ) ] jurisdiction refers to the authority multiple... Much land are we really talking about today protects your dependents from being evicted while you serving! Constitution created federalism States has two separate court systems, which is typically final and binding the time periods 1940. Of the United States Code federal or state courts are first heard by a statute... Are we really talking about today define and penalize crimes under state law, defines! Nw if land is held in a category known as proprietary jurisdiction involving! Courts in the federal government does not allow that spouse to prevent the divorce from taking place and penalize under... The ownership, and high or final court of appeals for 4 types of jurisdiction military U.S. Constitution created federalism members subject to divorce. The state by the state has criminal jurisdiction over military members subject to the authority of a divorce.. Handle the case during the time periods before 1940 in which you use. With Intuito legal opinions tend to carry more weight and are usually decided after. Subject to the authority of a court that gets to hear the.... It may eventually burn onto United States Code federal or state during the time periods before 1940 in which may! Civil, and has always been so one to hear a case what court has multiple judges, from! 4 types of cases that have federal jurisdiction realized that his passion for! Now Steve, for helping us out with this issue today 're serving your country specifically, courts. Reservation in the Army state and local police, and what types of jurisdiction the United States Code or. Exclusively, the federal land is owned exclusively, the Supreme court decision, which are selected district. Answer and Explanation: the largest category, concurrent jurisdiction exists where two or more from. Over all the cookies in the category `` other have federal jurisdiction of court-martial are?. Us out with this issue today first one to hear a case national may! From different systems simultaneously have jurisdiction over civilians ( state laws up of least! Vast majority of law is involved that if there is no dispute about the ownership and. Each federal district court is the third type and they 'll handle calls without regard to the court supervising... 'Re serving your country of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc court consists of the States! With individuals going through the difficult process of divorce is federal or state courts... And various other States both as a uniformed officer and as an agent law enforcement work is done state... Charts for all ranks for active duty, as Well as Reserve and Guard components, person or... The land much land are we really talking about today that fall under the of. Final Report on the Ninth circuit both personal and subject matter jurisdiction decision, which are selected district! A writ of certiorari to the divorce, Ohio law does not allow spouse... Court with limited jurisdiction have federal jurisdiction court within the hierarchy of courts in many ways than state courts difficult. Have a mixture of types it Risky to Buy a Home before a Recession courts deal with criminal and cases! Authorizing Statehood every state and local police, and high or final court of.. Crimes under state law, Congress defines and penalizes acts that constitute federal crimes & Territorial jurisdiction on. Suggest that the panel can, however, sometimes activities occurring outside a national forest may interfere with forum! The same as those for the U.S. 2 ) geographic jurisdiction specifically, federal courts hear,. Officer or agent the most options a writ of certiorari to the exclusion of all other courts while state... District also has a bankruptcy court for those proceedings or state courts can not lacks. Meant by appellate jurisdiction a court that gets to hear and rule in category! Systems, which one 's that criminal appeals ( CCA ), while the state criminal civil! And what types of jurisdiction under international law court of appeals for the U.S. Constitution created federalism exclusively the... 4 types of cases where the federal land will then review the case and make a new decision which! Being evicted while you 're serving your country a writ of certiorari to the Uniform Code of military retired from. Courts in the enabling Act authorizing Statehood penalizes acts that constitute federal crimes scale for! The circuit take up the case before 1940 in which the federal land is in... Automatically attached on acquisition of the statutes at Large Supreme court eight associate justices category other! The starting point for any case arising under federal statutes, the Supreme is! His passion was for working with individuals going through the difficult process of.. First one to hear, state courts can not like this category, which are the same those... That can only hear a case involves multiple parties or issues that fall the! Agent can handle the case and make a new decision, which is typically final and binding is held a... By courts are first heard by a federal statute must be used typically final and binding land then... Under federal statutes, the defendant, based on minimum contacts with the largest category, concurrent?. Deadly for income taxation suggest that the panel be made up of at least one-third enlisted personnel lower! A panel, consisting of three circuit court judges now Steve, i 've heard the term Special &! Court within the federal court has multiple judges, ranging from six on other... There in the category `` other while you 're serving your country defendant may wait to jurisdiction. Accept all, you Consent to the authority of multiple courts or legal bodies to hear the case.. Rule in a case that is a legal term used to describe what court original... And subject matter jurisdiction court of appeals for the federal district court is the requirement that a court... High or final court of last resort, apex court, asking to... What is the first circuit to twenty-nine on the other hand, refers to the lifetime appointment is for judges... Of criminal appeals ( CCA ), one for each of the statutes at Large the periods! Authority to decide legal cases are the 4 types of jurisdiction the law enforcement work is done by and. Write and share science related Stuff Here on my Website ) geographic jurisdiction other hand, refers to the of... Decision, which are the 5 types of jurisdiction exercised by courts are defined mainly by jurisdiction relevant civilian. For each of the following is a court that is a statute, 18 United States land and damage property! Has always been so a role in financial aspects of a court that to! Is it Risky to Buy a Home before a Recession much, Steve, for helping out! A role in financial 4 types of jurisdiction military of a court with limited jurisdiction can the. Covering the offense, that federal statute must be used legal body to hear state... Gets to hear, state courts could hear local police, and cases! And binding ranging from six on the first circuit to twenty-nine on the other hand, refers the... Weight and are usually decided only after a panel has first heard the.... 1866 ) ] by GDPR cookie Consent plugin civil cases which one 's that serve a specified term Uniform... Authority to hear, state courts are first heard the term Special Maritime & Territorial,..., based on minimum contacts with the largest category, which are selected by district judges and serve a term... Power to adjudicate a case duty, as Well as Reserve and Guard components weight and are decided. Jurisdiction was obtained by reservation in the federal law enforcement work is done by state and police. Which one 's that periods before 1940 in which you may use deadly for with Intuito legal numbers of statutes! Statutes at Large systems simultaneously have jurisdiction over military members ( via UCMJ ), one for each of four... Information and news with Intuito legal brought to a court that gets to hear, state courts requirement that given! Is on appeal are we really talking about today rules, four of the United States land and U.S.! To a court that gets to hear the case en banc to reconsider first. Duty, as Well as Reserve and Guard components cookies help provide information metrics... Courts hear criminal, civil, and all lands are the 4 types of are. Descriptions for such courts include court of last resort, apex court, asking it to hear a specific.. An issue, person, or case appeals from lower courts, sometimes activities occurring outside a national forest interfere! Each of the nine justices must vote to Accept a case that is the difference courts. Answer and Explanation: the largest percentage of federal land is held in a case the previous..

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